![]() ![]() Nonetheless, none of the sections traditionally assigned to the genus ( Tamura, 1995) are monophyletic ( Soza et al., 2012, 2013). Then, a revised phylogeny yielded better resolution based on nuclear ribosomal ITS region, external transcribed spacer (ETS) region, and the cpDNA 3’ trnV-ndhC ( trnV-ndhC) intergenic region ( Soza et al., 2013). Molecular phylogenetic analyses have consistently suggested only that Thalictrum is a monophyletic group containing two major clades, based on the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S) and the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) rpl16 intron ( Soza et al., 2012). Traditionally, Thalictrum was classified into 14 sections based on morphological traits such as leaf, flower, and fruit characteristics ( Tamura, 1995). Thalictrum is taxonomically and phylogenetically regarded as one of the most challengingly difficult taxa in plants. At present, the horticultural values of Thalictrum plants, such as Thalictrum delavayi, Thalictrum reniforme, and Thalictrum grandiflorum have been widely paid attention with great commercial prospects ( Wang and Xiao, 1979). Furthermore, bearing luxuriant foliage, extended branches, and attractive flowers, Thalictrum species have previously been mainly applied as perennial garden plants. In some place, roots of Thalictrum were used as substitutes for Rhizoma coptidis to treat enteritis and dysentery ( Wu et al., 1998). Thalictrum plants are used in folk medicine for the treatment of many kinds of diseases by various ethnic groups of China, which has a long history ( Wang and Xiao, 1979 Zhu and Xiao, 1989 Wu et al., 1998 Wang et al., 2001). Thalictrum plants are rich in benzylisoquinoline-derived alkaloids at least 250 such compounds have been isolated from 60 species, and most of them show strong biological activities ( Zhu and Xiao, 1991). 200 species, is a phylogenetically and economically important genus in the family Ranunculaceae ( Tamura, 1995) and is worldwide with main distribution in northern temperate regions. The availability of these plastomes offers valuable genetic information for accurate identification of species and taxonomy, phylogenetic resolution, and evolutionary studies of Thalictrum, and should assist with exploration and utilization of Thalictrum plants. Phylogenetic relationships showed Thalictrum is monophyly and divided into two major clades based on 11 Thalictrum plastomes. Selective pressure and codon usage bias of all the plastid coding genes were also analyzed for the 11 species. ![]() We identified eight highly variable noncoding regions- infA-rps8, ccsA-ndhD, trnS UGA-psbZ, trnH GUG-psbA, rpl16-rps3, ndhG-ndhI, ndhD-psaC, and ndhJ-ndhK-that can be further used for molecular identification, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic in different species. By updating the previously reported plastome annotation of other nine Thalictrum species, we found that the expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat region affect the boundary of the single-copy regions in Thalictrum plastome. The two Thalictrum plastomes exhibited circular and typical quadripartite structure that was rather conserved in overall structure and the synteny of gene order. Here, we sequenced the complete plastid genomes of two Thalictrum species using Illumina sequencing technology via de novo assembly. Thalictrum is a phylogenetically and economically important genus in the family Ranunculaceae, but is also regarded as one of the most challengingly difficult in plants for resolving the taxonomical and phylogenetical relationships of constituent taxa within this genus. 7Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan, China.6Laboratory Herbarium (TK), Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.5Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.4College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.3College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, China.2State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.1Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.Erst 5,6, Ying-Xue Yang 1 *, Wen-Chuang He 1 * and Zhi-Qiang Wu 1,7 * Kun-Li Xiang 1,2, Wei Mao 3, Huan-Wen Peng 2,4, Andrey S. ![]()
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